SEMESTER 2:  February 17- March 2

CHAPTER NINE:  COVALENT BONDING:  ORBITALS

Section One:       To show how special atomic orbitals are formed in covalent bonding.

Section Two:       To show how molecular orbitals are formed in a molecule.

To define bond order and demonstrate how to calculate it.

Section Three:    To discuss the bonding in certain molecules of the general formula X₂.

To relate paramagnetism to the filling of molecular orbitals.

To correlate bond order, bond energy, and bond length.

Section Four:      To use the molecular orbital model to treat bonding between two different atoms.

Section Five:       To show how the need for resonance is eliminated if the localized electron and molecular orbital models are combined.

CHAPTER 8     January 30-February 17

Section One:          To explain why an ionic bond is formed.

                               To explain why a covalent bond is formed.

                                To introduce the polar covalent bond.

Section Two:          To discuss the nature of a bond in terms of electronegativity.

Section Three:       To define the relationship between bond polarity and molecular polarity.

Section Four:         To show how to predict the formulas of ionic compounds.

                                To discuss the factors governing ion size.

Section Five:          To define lattice energy and show how it can be calculated.

Section Six:            To show the relationship between electronegativity and the ionic character of a bond.

Section Seven:      To discuss the covalent bonding model.

Section Eight:        To show how bond energies can be used to calculate heats of reaction.

Section Nine:         To introduce the localized electron model.

Section Ten:          To show how to write Lewis structures.

Section Eleven:     To show how to write Lewis structures for certain special cases.

Section Twelve:     To illustrate the concept of resonance.

                                 To show how to write resonance structures.

Section Thirteen:  To describe how molecular geometry can be predicted from the number of electron pairs.

SEMESTER 1

CHAPTER ONE:  CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

Chapter Learning Goals:

Section One:       To appreciate the importance of creative problem solving.

Section Two:       To identify the principal operations and limitations of the scientific method.

Section Three:    To describe the SI system of units and prefixes.

Section Four:      To identify causes of uncertainty in measurement.

                              To show how significant figures are used.

                              To compare precision and accuracy in measurement.

Section Five:       To show how to determine the number of significant figures in a calculated result.

Section Six:         To show how to convert units between the English and metric systems.

Section Seven:   To demonstrate conversions among the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales.

Section Eight:     To illustrate calculations involving density.

Section Nine:      To show how matter can be classified into subgroups.

CHAPTER TWO:  ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

Chapter Learning Goals:

Section One:       To give a brief account of early chemical discoveries.

Section Two:       To describe and illustrate the laws of conservation of mass, definite proportion, and multiple proportions.

Section Three:    To describe Dalton’s theory of atoms and show the significance of Gay-Lussac’s experiments.

Section Four:      To summarize the experiments that characterize the structure of the atom.

Section Five:       To describe features of subatomic particles.

Section Six:         To introduce basic ideas of bonding in molecules.

                              To show various ways of representing molecules.

Section Seven:   To introduce various features of the periodic table.

Section Eight:     To demonstrate how to name compounds given their formulas and to write formulas given their names.

CHAPTER THREE:  STOICHIOMETRY

Chapter Learning Goals:

Section One:       To describe the modern atomic mass scale and explain how atomic masses are determined experimentally.

Section Two:       To explain atomic mass and its experimental determination.

Section Three:    To explain the importance of the mole concept.

To show how to convert among moles, mass, and number of particles for a given sample.

Section Four:      To show how to calculate values for molar mass.

To show how to convert among molar mass, moles, and number of particles in a given sample.

Section Five:       To describe a conceptual problem solving approach to chemistry.

Section Six:         To demonstrate the calculation of the mass percent of a given element in a compound.

Section Seven:   To demonstrate the calculation of the empirical formula of a compound.

      To show how to obtain the molecular formula, given the   empirical formula     and the molar mass.

Section Eight:     To identify the characteristics of a chemical reaction and the information given by a chemical equation.

Section Nine:            To show how to write a balanced equation to describe a chemical reaction.

Section Ten:       To show how to calculate the masses of reactants and products using the chemical equation.

Section Eleven:  To show how to recognize the limiting reactant.

To demonstrate the use of the limiting reactant in stoichiometric calculations.

CHAPTER FOUR:  TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY

Chapter Learning Goals:

Section One:       To show why the polar nature of water makes it an effective solvent.

Section Two:       To characterize strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, and non-electrolytes.

Section Three:    To define molarity and demonstrate calculations involving the composition of solutions.

Section Four:      To introduce several types of solution reactions.

Section Five:       To show how to predict whether a solid will form in a solution reaction.

Section Six:         To describe reactions in solution by molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations.

Section Seven:   To demonstrate stoichiometric calculations involving precipitation reactions.

Section Eight:     To show how to perform calculations involved in acid-base volumetric analysis.

Section Nine:      To characterize oxidation-reduction reactions.

                              To describe how to assign oxidation states.

                              To identify oxidizing and reducing agents.

Section Ten:       To describe the oxidation states method for balancing oxidation reduction reactions.

 CHAPTER FIVE:  GASES

 Chapter Learning Goals:

Section One:       To demonstrate atmospheric pressure and explain how baro-meters work.

To define the various units of pressure.

Section Two:       To describe certain laws that relate the volume, pressure, and temperature of a gas and to do calculations involving these laws.

Section Three:    To define the ideal gas law.

To show how to do calculations involving the ideal gas law.

Section Four:      To define the molar volume for an ideal gas.

To define STP.

To show how to do stoichiometric calculations for reactions involving gases.

To show how to calculate molar mass from gas density.

Section Five:       To state the relationship between partial pressures and total pressure and between partial pressure and mole fraction.

To show how to obtain the molecular formula, given the empirical  formula and the molar mass.

Section Six:         To present the basic postulates of the kinetic molecular theory.

To define temperature.

To show how to calculate and use root mean square velocity.

Section Seven:   To describe effusion and diffusion.

To show the relationship between effusion and diffusion.

Section Eight:     To describe how real gases deviate from ideal behavior

CHAPTER 6: THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter Learning Goals:

Section One:       To describe the energy flow between a system and its surroundings.

                             To discuss the first law of thermodynamics.

                             To show how to calculate the work that results from changing the volume of a gas at constant pressure.

Section Two:       To define enthalpy and demonstrate calculations of the change in enthalpy in a chemical reaction.

                            To show how a change in enthalpy is measured by calorimetry.

Section Three:    To discuss the characteristics of enthalpy changes.

                            To show how to calculate DH for a chemical reaction.

Section Four:      To define standard states.

                            To show how to use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate  DH° for a reaction.

Section Five:       To discuss fossil fuels and the effects of their use on climate.

Section Six:         To discuss energy alternatives.

                             To compare the available energy of various fuels.